I just looked up "scapegoat," which seemed like it could hardly not present an interesting etymology. I was not disappointed. Its origin is in a Biblical mistranslation.
The culprit responsible for the word itself is William Tyndale, first major translator of the Bible into English. However, the actual misunderstanding was made long before him. Leviticus describes a ritual in which, of two goats, one is chosen by lot to be sacrificed to God, while the other has the sins of the community put on it and is driven into the wilderness. According to the OED, the Hebrew word used in describing this second goat was azazel; today, we believe this to mean the goat was "for Azazel" (the demon, in a parallelism with the other goat which was "for the Lord"), but it could also be interpreted as ez azal, or "the goat which escapes."
Tyndale was not the originator of this interpretation: the Septaguint had it tragos apopompaios, and the Vulgate caper emissarius. (The French for "scapegoat," bouc émissaire, comes from the Vulgate.) But if Tyndale followed another's error, he did leave his mark in how he crafted the word - I suspect the compound word "scapegoat" is intended to follow the compactness of ez azal, rather than some workaday phrase like "the goat let loose." Later, the King James Version copied him, and it is now solidly enough lodged in the culture that many modern translations carry it over.
Although the current interpretation of the passage as referring to the demon Azazel seems to be more or less accepted today -- it was incorporated into the Revised Version of the Bible in 1884 -- it is not definitive. According to Wiktionary, the Talmud says the word refers to the cliff which the goat would be driven off.
Tyndale was prominent enough to create other words and phrases that also entered the King James Version and the language, including "long-suffering," "peacemaker," "stumbling block," "the fatted calf," "filthy lucre," "Jehovah," and "Passover" (sources 1 and 2).
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